Taken from the Wild Salmonid Policy - Final Environmental Impact Statement, September 18, 1997
ANADROMOUS FISH
Species that are hatched in freshwater, mature in saltwater, and return to freshwater to spawn.
BIODIVERSITY
The variety and abundance of species, their genetic composition, and the natural communities, ecosystem, and landscapes in which they occur.
BROODSTOCK
Those adult salmonid's that are destined to be the parents
for a particular stock or smaller group of fish.
CARRYING CAPACITY
The maximum number of individuals or biomass of a given species or complex of species of fishes that a limited and specific aquatic habitat may support during a stated interval of time.
CATCH
The act of landing a fish at which point the fisher has the option of releasing or retaining it.
CHANNELIZED
A portion of a river channel that has been enlarged or deepened, and often has armored banks.
CO-OP OPERATION
Projects funded under the Aquatic Lands Enhancement Account (ALEA) allowing individuals to do habitat enhancement projects plus rear and release salmon into state waters under the direction of WDFW.
CONSUMPTIVE
Any human activity involving salmonid's that induces
mortality.
CRITICAL STOCK
A stock of fish experiencing production levels that are so low that permanent damage to the stock is likely or has already occurred.
DEPRESSED STOCK
A stock of fish whose production is below expected levels based on available habitat and natural variations in survival levels, but above the level where permanent damage to the stock is likely.
ECOLOGICAL INTERACTION
The sum total of impacts of one species on another species, or on other members of the same species.
ECOSYSTEM
A complex of biological communities and environment that forms a functioning, interrelated unit in nature.
ESCAPEMENT
Those fish that have survived all fisheries and will make up a spawning population.
ESCAPEMENT FLOOR
The lower bound of an escapement range.
ESCAPEMENT GOAL
A predetermined biologically derived number of salmonid's that
are not harvested and will be the parent spawner's for a wild
or hatchery stock of fish.
EXOTIC SPECIES
Salmonid species that were not native to Washington
State (e.g., brown trout, brook trout, Atlantic salmon).
EXTINCTION
The loss of a stock of fish from its original range, or as a distinct
stock elsewhere. Individuals of the same species may be observed
in very low numbers, consistent with straying from other stocks.
FISHERY
The process of attempting to catch fish, which then may
be retained or released.
FITNESS
The relative ability of an individual (or population) to
survive and reproduce (pass on its genes to the next generation)
in a given environment.
FRY
Young salmonid's that have emerged from the gravel and are up
to one month of age or any cultured salmonid from hatching through
fourteen days after being pond.
GEAR LIMITS
Restrictions placed on sport or commercial fishing
gear, which are used to control the take of fish.
GENETIC DIVERSITY
All of the genetic variation within a group.
The genetic diversity of a species includes both genetic differences
between individuals in a breeding population (=within-stock diversity)
and genetic differences among different breeding populations (=among-stock
diversity).
GENETIC DRIFT
The random fluctuation of allele frequencies in a
population resulting from the sampling of gametes to produce a finite
number of individuals in the next generation.
GENETIC RISK
The probability of an action or inaction having a
negative impact on the genetic character of a population or species.
GLIDE
A part of a stream that is characterized by a smooth, easy
movement of water, usually just upstream of a riffle.
HABITAT
An area that supplies food, water, shelter, and space necessary
for animal's existence.
HARVEST
Fish that are caught and retained in a fishery (consumptive
harvest).
HARVEST RATE
The proportion of a returning run or total population of salmonid's
that is taken by fisheries.
HATCHERY MANAGEMENT UNIT
A group of fish managed to achieve hatchery
salmonid escapement objectives. These areas typically support higher
harvest rates (percent of returning fish harvested) than wild stock
management areas.
HATCHERY PRODUCTION
The spawning, incubation, hatching, or rearing
of fish in a hatchery or other artificial production facility (e.g.,
spawning channels, egg incubation boxes, or pens).
HATCHERY STOCK
A stock that depends upon spawning, incubation,
hatching, or rearing in a hatchery or other artificial production
facility (synonymous with cultured stock).
HEALTHY STOCK
A stock of fish experiencing production levels consistent
with its available habitat and within the natural variations in
survival for the stock. This does not imply that the habitat itself
is necessarily "healthy."
HYBRIDIZATION
The interbreeding of fish from two or more different
stocks.
INBREEDING
The mating of related individuals.
INCIDENTAL HARVEST
The capture and retention of species other than
those a fishery is primarily opened to target/take. It can also
refer to marked fish of the same species.
INTEGRATED LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT
A management process that integrates
the needs of multiple species across a broad landscape.
LARGE WOODY DEBRIS (LWD)
Conifer or deciduous logs, limbs or root
wads twelve inches or larger in diameter.
LOCALLY ADAPTED POPULATION
A population of fish that has developed
specific traits that increase their survival in a particular habitat
or environment.
LOWER COLUMBIA
That portion of the indigenous to Washington State. Main stem
Columbia River below Bonneville Dam.
MANAGEMENT UNIT
A stock or group of stocks which are aggregated
for the purposes of achieving a desired spawning escapement objective.
See wild and hatchery management unit definitions.
MASS MARKING
The marking of all individuals in a population of
fish so that individuals of that population can be identified in
subsequent life history stages.
MAXIMUM SUSTAINED YIELD (MSY)
The maximum number of fish from a
stock or management unit that can be harvested on a sustained basis,
measured as the number of fish that would enter freshwater to spawn
in the absence of fishing after accounting for natural mortality.
MID-COLUMBIA
That portion of the main stem Columbia River between McNary and
Bonneville dams.
MINIMUM SIZE LIMIT
A sport fishery regulation that establishes
a minimum size (usually length) for the retention of a fish to protect
younger individuals in a fish population, or to protect other species
of fish.
MINIMUM VIABLE POPULATION (MVP)
The size of a population which,
with a given probability, will ensure the persistence of the population
for a specified period of time.
MIXED-ORIGIN STOCK
A stock whose individuals originated from commingled
native and non-native parents; or a previously native stock that
has undergone substantial genetic alteration.
MIXED-STOCK FISHERIES
Any fishery that catches fish from more than
one stock.
NATIVE SPECIES
A species of fish indigenous to Washington State.
NATIVE STOCK
An indigenous stock of fish that has not been substantially
affected by genetic interactions with non-native stocks or by other
factors, and is still present in all or part of its original range.
In limited cases, a native stock may also exist outside of its original
habitat (e.g., captive brood stock programs).
NATURAL SELECTION
Differential survival and reproduction among
members of a population or species in nature, due to variation in
the possession of adaptive genetic traits. Natural selection, the
major driving force of evolution, is a process leading to greater
adaptation of organisms to their environment.
NET PEN
A fish-rearing enclosure used in lakes and marine areas.
NON-CONSUMPTIVE
Any human activity involving salmonid's that does not cause mortality.
NON-NATIVE STOCK
A native species residing in an area outside its
original habitat in Washington State (e.g., Chambers Creek steelhead,
Soos Creek chinook).
OFF-CHANNEL AREA
Any relatively calm portion of a stream outside
of the main flow.
POOL
A relatively deep, still section in a stream.
POPULATION
Synonymous with the term stock.
PRIMARY MANAGEMENT UNIT
A stock or group of stocks for which a
specific spawning escapement goal is established with the intention
of managing all impacting fisheries to meet that goal.
PRODUCTIVITY
A measure of the capacity of a biological system.
The efficiency with which a biological system converts energy into
growth and production.
QUOTA
A number of fish allocated for harvest to a particular fishing
group or area.
RECOLONIZATION
The reestablishment of a salmonid stock in a habitat
that the species previously occupied.
RECRUITS
The total numbers of fish of a specific stock available
at a particular stage of their life history.
REGIONAL FISHERIES ENHANCEMENT GROUP
12 regional fisheries enhancement
(volunteer) groups funded under recreational and commercial salmon
license fees, allowed to do habitat enhancement projects plus rear
and release salmon into state waters under the direction of WDFW.
REMOTE SITE INCUBATOR
A lightweight, dark colored plastic barrel
incubator that employs plastic substrate (hatching medium), and
can be sized to accommodate 5,000 to 125,000 eggs per incubator.
They are used mainly for incubating chum salmon eggs.
RESIDENT SALMONID
Those members of the family Salmonidae which
spend their entire lives in freshwater.
RIFFLE
A shallow gravel area of a stream that is characterized
by increased velocities and gradients, and is the predominate stream
area used by salmon for spawning.
RIPARIAN HABITAT
The aquatic and terrestrial habitat adjacent to
streams, lakes, estuaries, or other waterways.
RISK ASSESSMENT
Evaluating the probability of an action having
a negative impact that is not within prescribed limits or acceptable
bounds.
RIVERINE HABITAT
The aquatic habitat within streams and rivers.
RUN
The sum of stocks of a single salmonid species which migrates
to a particular region, river, or stream of origin at a particular
season.
SALMONID
Any member of the taxonomic family Salmonidae, which includes
all species of salmon, trout, char, whitefish, and grayling.
SASSI
Salmon and Steelhead Stock Inventory. A cooperative program
by the Department of Fish and Wildlife and Washington Treaty Indian
tribes to inventory and rate the status of salmon and steelhead
stocks on a recurring basis.
SECONDARY MANAGEMENT UNIT
A stock or group of stocks for which
escapement is that which occurs primarily as a result of not being
caught in fisheries directed at commingled primary stocks. A group
of fish for which an escapement goal may not be established.
SECONDARY PROTECTION
Management activities that provide protection
to stocks or runs of salmon after they have been subjected to harvest
in mixed stock areas.
SELECTIVE BREEDING
The intentional selection of individual spawner's in artificial
production programs to produce particular traits in subsequent
generations.
SELECTIVE FISHERY
A fishery that allows the release of non-targeted
fish stocks/runs, including unmarked fish of the same species.
SELF-SUSTAINING POPULATION
A population of salmonid's that exists in sufficient numbers to
replace itself through time without supplementation with hatchery
fish. It does not necessarily produce surplus fish for harvest.
SMOLT
A juvenile salmonid that is undergoing the physiological
change to migrate from fresh to salt water.
STOCK
The fish spawning in a particular lake or stream(s) at a
particular season, which to a substantial degree do not interbreed
with any group spawning in a different place at the same time, or
in the same place at a different time.
STOCK ORIGIN
The genetic history of a stock.
STOCK STATUS
The current condition of a stock, which may be based
on escapement, run size, survival, or fitness level.
SUPPLEMENTATION
The use of artificial propagation to maintain or
increase natural production while maintaining the long-term fitness
of the target population, and keeping the ecological and genetic
impacts to non-target populations within specified biological limits.
TARGETED FISHERY
A harvest strategy designed to catch a specific
group of fish.
TERMINAL FISHING AREA
A fishing area near the ultimate freshwater
destination of a stock where a salmonid stock or run has separated
from other stocks/runs.
TREATY TRIBES
Any Indian tribe recognized by the United States
government, with usual and accustomed fishing grounds, whose fishing
rights were reserved under a treaty and have been affirmed by a
federal court.
UNKNOWN STOCK
This description is applied to stocks where there
is insufficient information to identify stock origin or stock status
with confidence.
UPPER COLUMBIA
That portion of the mainstem Columbia/Snake River
above McNary Dam.
VIABLE POPULATION
A population in a state that maintains its vigor
and its potential for evolutionary change.
WATERSHED
A basin including all water and land areas that drain
to a common body of water.
WILD MANAGEMENT UNIT
A management unit where fisheries are managed
to achieve wild salmonid escapement objectives.
WILD STOCK
A stock that is sustained by natural spawning and rearing
in the natural habitat, regardless of parentage (including native).
WILD STOCK INITIATIVE (WSI)
A cooperative program between the state
and western Washington Indian tribes that is intended to maintain
and restore healthy salmon and steelhead stocks and habitats.
WITHIN-STOCK DIVERSITY
The overall genetic variability among individuals
of a single population or stock.
